Biol. 341 - Genetics
EXPANDED LECTURE OUTLINE
WITH CHAPTER, FIGURE AND PAGE REFERENCES
Text: Klug and Cummings. 2002. Essentials of Genetics, 4th Ed.
SPRING SEMESTER, 2004 

1. INTRODUCTION  (Chap. 1)(see also fig. 3-1 on p. 38)

2. NATURE OF THE HEREDITARY MATERIAL  (Chap. 10 & 11)

Background

Evidence that DNA is the Hereditary Material

Griffith's Transformation Experiment  (read pp. 189-190 and see fig. 10-2 & table 10.1 on p. 190)

Avery, MacLeod and McCarty Experiment  (read pp. 190-192 and see fig. 10-3 on p. 191)

Hershey - Chase Experiment  (read pp. 192-194 and see figs. 10-4 & 10-5 on pp. 192-193)

Chemical Nature of the Nucleic Acids

Types of Nucleic Acids

Subunits of the Nucleic Acids

Ribonucleotides  (see figs. 10-7(a)(b) & 10-8 on pp. 196-197)

Deoxyribonucleotides  (see figs. 10-7(a)(b) & 10-8 on pp. 196-197)

Linkage of Nucleotides  (see fig. 10-10(a)(b) on p. 198)

Physical and Chemical Structure of the DNA Macromolecule

Chargaff's Observations  (see Table 10-3(a) on p. 199)

Wilkin's and Franklin's Data  (see fig. 10-11 on p. 199)

Watson - Crick Model of DNA

Background

Features of the Model (see figs. 10-12(a)(b)(c) & 10-13 on pp. 200-202)

Significance of the Watson - Crick Model

Suggested a means for coding genetic information

Suggested a means for copying genetic information

Evidence for Semiconservative Replication

Meselson - Stahl Experiment  (read p. 214 and see figs. 11-1; 11-2; 11-3; 11-4 on pp. 213-215)

Some Points to Ponder

Organisms as "Survival Machines" for Genes

Some Enzymes / Proteins Involved in DNA Replication and Repair

Endonucleases

Exonucleases

DNA ligase

RNA polymerase

DNA polymerases

Helicase proteins

Single-stranded binding proteins

DNA gyrase

Details of the Process of DNA Replication

In Prokaryotes  (read pp. 217-223 and see figs. 11-8; 11-9; 11-10; 11-11; 11-12; 11-13 on pp. 218-222)

Additional Factors in Eukaryotes  (read pp. 223-225 and see figs. 11-16 & 11-17 on p. 225)

DNA Sequencing

The Maxam - Gilbert Procedure  (for information on other methods including automatic sequencing read pp. 341-344 and see figs. 16-18 to 16-21 on pp. 342-344)

Amplification of Specific Target DNA Sequences

The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)  (read pp. 333-334 and see fig. 16-11 on p. 334)

3. FUNCTION OF THE HEREDITARY MATERIAL (Chap. 12 & 13)

Proteins  (read pp. 267-272 and see figs. 13-15 to 13-19 on pp. 268-270) (also for background read pp. 261-267 and see fig. 13-11 on p. 264)

Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)  (read pp. 254-257 and see figs. 13-1 to 13-5 on pp. 255-257)

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) & Ribosomes

Transfer RNA (tRNA)

Messenger RNA (mRNA) 

The Genetic Code  (read pp. 233-240 and see fig. 12-7 on p. 238 plus Table 12-4 on p. 239 & Table 12-5 on p. 240)

Protein Synthesis

An example of  a Protein-coding Gene with some Control Regions

Transcription  (read pp. 240-242 and see fig. 12-8 on p. 242)

Translation  (read pp. 257-260 and see figs. 13-6 to 13-9 on pp. 258-261; also see Table 13-1 on p. 260)

Initiation

Elongation (including Translocation)

Termination

Protein-coding Genes in Eukaryotes (read pp. 242-247; 260-261 and see fig. 12-9 on p. 244 plus fig. 12-11 on p. 245)

4. GENE MUTATION (Chap 14)

Introduction

Replacement (Substitution) Mutations (see fig. 14-4 on p. 283)

Structural Types

Transition (see figs. 14-5 & 14-6 on pp. 284-285)

Transversion

Functional Types (for genes coding mRNA)

Missense Mutation

Chain-terminating Mutation

Chain-elongating Mutation

Silent Mutation

Addition or Deletion Mutations (see fig. 14-4 on p. 283)

Structural Types

Addition(s)

Deletion(s) 

Functional Type (for genes coding mRNA)

Frame-shift Mutation

Trinucleotide Repeat Mutations: ex. Huntington's Disease (see pp. 289-290 & Table 14.1 on p. 289)

Radiation Induced Mutations

Ionizing Radiation (see fig. 14-11 on p. 287)

Nonionizing Radiation (see fig. 14-10 on p. 287; fig. 14-13 on p. 291; fig. 14-15 on p. 292)

Transposons (see fig. 14-19 on p. 297)

5. FUNDAMENTALS OF CLASSICAL GENETICS IN EUKARYOTES (read Chaps. 3 & 4)

Review:  homologous chromosomes, gene locus, allele, genotype, homozygous, heterozygous, phenotype

Allelic Interactions

Simple (Complete) Dominance: ex. pigmentation / albinism

Partial (Incomplete) Dominance: ex. brachydactyly

Codominance: ex. ABO blood group series

Classical Crosses & the Study of Modes of Inheritance

Single Factor or Monohybid Cross: ex. albinism (see figs. 3-2 to 3-4 on pp. 40-41)

Two Factor or Dihybrid Cross: ex. vestigial + sepia (see figs. 3-5 to 3-7 on pp. 42-43)

Nonallelic Gene Interaction: ex. scarlet + brown

Terms: epistasis, penetrance, expressivity, pleiotropy 

Sex Linkage

X- linked genes: ex. white eyes (see figs. 4-10 & 4-11 on pp. 70-71)

Y- linked genes: ex. SRY  (W-linked genes)

Z-linked genes: ex. Barred feathers 

Sex-influence Traits: ex. classical male pattern baldness

Sex-limited Traits: ex. milk production in dairy cattle

Enzymatic Defects: ex. PKU, albinism, alkaptonuria (read pp. 261-263 and see fig. 13-10 on p. 262)

Nonenzymatic Defects: ex. sickle-cell anemia & trait (read pp. 265-267 and see figs. 13-13 to 13-14 on pp. 265-266; see also fig. 13-19 on p. 270)

6. QUANTITATIVE GENETICS  (Chap. 6) [Note: use the formulas given in class to compute DGD (broad heritability) and heritabilty (narrow heritability)]

Qualitative vs. Quantitative Traits

The Nilsson-Ehle Experiment (read pp. 105-106; see fig. 6-3 on p. 106)

The Problems with analyzing Quantitative Traits

Types of Studies used to analyze Quantitative Traits:

Strain Comparison (see fig. on handout)

Strain Cross (see fig. on handout)

Estimating the Degree of Genetic Determination (DGD) or Broad Heritability (see fig. on handout)

Artificial Selection and estimating Heritability or Narrow Heritability (see figs. on handouts and fig. 6-7 & Table 6.5 on p. 112)

7. POPULATION GENETICS  (Chap. 22)

Introduction

Determination of Allele (Gene) Frequencies and Genotype Frequencies when Phenotypes equal Genotypes

The Hardy-Weinberg Law and Conditions

The Hardy-Weinberg Equations (see figs. 22-3 & 22-4 on p. 454) 

Using the Hardy-Weinberg Law and Equations:

To calculate Heterozygote Frequency when Dominance is present assuming Equilibrium (see fig. 22-6 on p. 457)

To demonstrate Genetic Equilibrium

Factors that may change Allele Frequencies

Mutation (see fig. 22-16 on p.463)

Migration (see fig. 22-17 on p. 464)

Selection (see data and fig. on handouts; fig. 22-7 & 22-8 on pp. 458-459; figs. 22-11 & 22-15 on pp. 461-462)

Genetic Drift (see Table 22.5 on p. 465)

Inbreeding (see fig. on handout)

8. GENETICS OF BACTERIA AND VIRUSES (Chap. 9 and  pp. 349-353)

The bacterial cell

Organization of the bacterial DNA (read pp. 349-353)

Bacterial chromosome replication - asexual reproduction

Genetic recombination in bacteria - "sexual" reproduction

Evidence for genetic recombination (see fig. 9-3 on p. 169)

Conjugation (read pp. 168-175 and see figs. 9-5 & 9-6 on pp. 170-171; fig. 9-10 on p. 173)

Transformation (read pp. 175-176 and see fig. 9-13 on p. 175)

Transduction (described after section on temperate phage below) (read pp. 179-180 and see diagram from class notes)

General Nature of Viruses

Physical features of virus (see pp. 349-350 and fig. 9-14 on p. 176)

Are virus living systems?

Bacteriophages or Phage (read pp. 176-178)

Virulent phage (see fig. 9-15 on p. 177)

Temperate phage

9. GENETIC MANIPULATION (Chap. 16)

Restriction endonucleases (see fig. 16-3 on p. 329)

restriction site

palindrome (see fig. 16-1 on p. 327)

complementary tails and bunt ends

restriction fragments

Cloning foreign DNA in bacteria

Engineering plasmids (see fig. 16-2 on p. 328 & fig. 16-9 on p. 332)

Transforming plasmids

Identifying engineered bacteria

Identifying specific DNA sequences in engineered bacteria

Engineering bacteria to produce useful products

 

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LAST UPDATE:  5/17/04

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