Table of Contents

Academic Honesty: Definition and Guidelines

Format for Citations

Books

Periodicals

Internet Resources

Parenthetical Citation Format

Footnote and Endnote Format

Sample Paper: Endnote Format

Sample Paper: Parenthetical Citation Format

Philosophical Research: Reference Sources

Philosophy Periodicals in Livingston Lord Library

(Adapted by Mark Chekola, Philosophy Department, Moorhead State
University, with permission, from an article by SuEllen Shaw in
Writer's Corner, Winter 1995-96)

Taken from the Latin words plagiaries, meaning plunderer, and plagium, meaning kidnapping, plagiarism means "to steal and use (the ideas or writings of another) as one's own," according to The American Heritage Dictionary, second edition. Going further, Stephen Glazier in Random House's Word Menu defines plagiarism as "appropriation and publication of another's writing without consent" (409). He also defines it as "literary theft; stealing another's work without giving credit, passing it off as one's own (543). To summarize, plagiarism means taking someone else's words, ideas, or specialized information and passing them off as one's own; it is intellectual theft.

In addition to definitions, applied examples are needed--how to and how not to use material. Years ago, Mary Pryor, now retired from Moorhead State's English Department, gave the following four pointers for students on avoiding plagiarism:

1. Whenever you use more than four words in a row that occurred exactly in the same order in your source material, put the words into quotation marks and use a parenthetical note or footnote or endnote to give credit to your source.

By the last stanza, however, we realize that the poet is talking about something more than the choice of paths in a wood, for such a choice would be relatively unimportant.

The poem "The Road Not Taken" is structured by a symbol, for the roads referred to are more important than just "the choice of paths in a wood" (38).

2. If the words are your own, but the idea comes from your source, you do not need quotation marks, but you do need to give credit to your source parenthetically or in an endnote or footnote, and you need to supply a lead-in which tells whose idea it is.

Symbolism is important in the poem "The Road Not Taken" because, as Laurence Perrine indicated, by the end of the poem the reader realizes that Frost is concerned with something more important than deciding which path to choose in the wood where he was walking (Perrine 38).

3. You must not just put a parenthetical note at the end of a paragraph to indicate that all the ideas in that paragraph come from a source. The reader has no way of knowing whether just the last sentence or the last several words or the whole paragraph is someone else's idea. Your lead shows where your summary/paraphrase starts.

4. Any information you use in your paper that is not general knowledge requires that you give credit to a source. When in doubt, cite your source.

Using another author's words and ideas improperly is often the result of careless or inept summarizing and paraphrasing. Diana Hacker in A Writer's Reference (216-217) writes:

When you summarize or paraphrase, [naming] the source is not enough; you must restate the source's meaning using only your own words. Your are guilty of plagiarism . . . if you half-copy the author's well-chosen words without using quotation marks or by plugging your own synonyms into the author's sentence structure. The following paraphrases are plagiarized--even though the source is cited--because their language is too close to that of the original source.

If the existence of a signing ape was unsettling for linguists, it was also startling news for animal behaviorists. -Davis, Eloquent Animals, p. 26.

If the presence of a sign-language-using chimp was disturbing for scientists studying language, it was also surprising to scientists studying animal behavior (Davis 26).

If the presence of a sign-language using chimp was disturbing for scientists studying language, it was also surprising to scientists studying animal behavior (Davis 26).

(Based on the MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing. [Ref/PN/147/.G444/1998])

An entry for a book usually has three parts: author, title, and publication information. If more information is required, the parts are arranged as follows:

1. Author’s name -- Cite author’s name as it appears on title page, using initials only if title page does. End with a period for a Works Cited list. Follow with a comma for a footnote or endnote.

2. Title of part of a book -- title of part cited in quotation marks. End with a period for a Works Cited list. Follow with a comma for a footnote or endnote.

3. Title of the book -- full title, including subtitle. Use a colon and one space directly after the title if there is a subtitle. Underline or italicize entire title. Capitalize all principal words, but not articles, prepositions, or conjunctions.

4. Name of editor, translator or compiler.

5. Edition or series (if on title page).

6. Number(s) of volume(s) used.

7. Publication information -- city of publication, shortened form of publishers name, and year of publication. For footnote or endnote citation, this information is placed in parentheses.

8. Page numbers. (In a multi-volume work, the vol. no. and a colon precede the page numbers).

In a Works Cited list: Andre Malraux. The Conquerors. Boston: Beacon, 1929.

In a footnote or endnote: Andre Malraux, The Conquerors (Boston: Beacon, 1929)…

Carol Gilligan, Nona P. Lyons, and Trudy J. Hanmer. Making Connections: the Relational Worlds of Adolescent Girls. Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1990.

Ethel Wilson. "Mrs. Golightly and the First Convention." Canadian Short Stories. Ed. Robert Weaver. Toronto: Oxford UP, 1960. 63-81.

Leota S. Lawrence. "Rosa Guy." African-American Fiction Writers After 1955. Dictionary of Literary Biography. 33. Detroit: Gale Research, 1984.

An entry for a periodical also has three parts: author, title of article, and publication information. Publication information usually includes journal title, volume number, year of publication, and inclusive page numbers.

Information in a citation for an article in a periodical is arranged in the following order:

1. Author’s name -- taken from first or last page of article. End with period for a Works Cited list. Follow with a comma for a footnote or endnote.

2. Title of article -- full title of article enclosed in quotation marks. Capitalize as in book citation. End with period for a Works Cited list. Follow with a comma for a footnote or endnote.

3. Name of periodical -- give name as it appears on title page. Underline or italicize.

4. Volume number -- use for periodicals with consecutive page numbering. Do not precede volume number with the abbreviation "vol.".

5. Date of publication. Enclose year in parentheses if volume no. is given. End with colon.

6. Page numbers of the article -- end with period.

Volume number is not used, but the date is given: month, year with no punctuation except colon after the year.

Chris Watling. "The Arts, Emotion, and Current Research in Neuroscience." Mosaic 31.1 (1998): 107-125.

Volume number is not used, but the date is given: day, month, year with no punctuation except colon after the year.

Deane L.Downey. "What’s Wrong with Reading Modern Literature." Christianity Today 8 April 1983: 61-2.

"Buying a Used Car." U.S. News and World Report 14 June 1992: 23.

MLA Style Manual, pp. 209-224

Ref/PN/147/.G444/1998

MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, pp. 178-202

Ref/LB/2369/.G53/1999

These are a few of the most common types of Internet materials and how to cite them.

Basic Form:

Example:

Basic Form:

Example:

Basic Form:

Example:

Basic Form:

Example:

Basic Form:

Example:

MLA Style. 22 June 1998 <http://www.mla.org/set_stl.htm>.

One citation method is parenthetical documentation style. All references or citations identifying ideas or direct quotations belonging to another author are indicated by information included in parentheses in the body of the text. This information refers the reader to the appropriate items in the list of Works Cited at the end of the paper. References in text must clearly identify specific sources in the works cited list. Parenthetical citations should be as brief as possible while providing an accurate and clear reference to a source. An author’s name may either be included in a sentence with the page number(s) in parentheses or the name and page number(s) or other identifying information may be in parentheses.

Example of hanging indent:

Examples of Citation in the Text

a. Author’s name in text: page number in parentheses.

Rorty argues this point (72).

b. Paraphrased or attributable idea without author’s name in text: Author’s last name and page in parentheses.

This point has been argued by others (Rorty 72).

c. A direct quote: Author’s name and page number(s) in parentheses.

"... expect immediate results" (Rorty 72).

Cite both names.

Use the author’s name, the title (a shortened form if in the parenthetical reference) and the page(s).

... A familiar strangeness. You keep seeing your sister in the ‘gator and the ‘gator in your

sister, and you’d rather not. (Their Eyes 76)

Cite the title (or a shortened version) and the page number. Omit the page reference for a one-page article.

Ordinarily the parenthetical reference should be at the end of the sentence before the final period. Note that there is no punctuation between the author’s name and the page number inside the parentheses. If it is necessary to place the reference within a sentence, place it at the end of a clause but before the necessary punctuation. If the reference cites a long quotation set off from the text, the parenthesis is placed at the end of the passage after the final period.

Footnotes are located at the bottom of the page on which the reference is cited. Endnotes are placed together at the end of the paper. Notes appear in the body of the text as superscript numbers, raised above the line of type at the end of the passage requiring citation. The first reference to a specific source is very similar to the bibliographic entry that is used for a list of works cited in the parenthetical citation format. The main difference is that a page reference is always given at the end of the footnote or endnote.

First reference to a source: The initial note referring to each book or article takes a standard form that fully identifies the source. Here are examples for a book and for a periodical:

Second and subsequent references: After the first reference, notes directing readers to the same source are much simpler. last name of the author or authors, followed by the page number for the new reference. Here is an example:

Erin Brink
Philosophy 101
Professor Hong

Extremes

     The philosophical argument concerning whether or not innate knowledge exists has been discussed by philosophers for nearly 3000 years. Philosophers such as Plato and Socrates believed that "all inquiry and all learning is only the spontaneous recovery of knowledge (recollection); therefore, any learning or inquiry is impossible," while John Locke and other empiricists believed instead that all knowledge was derived through experience via the senses (Carruthers 27). Each side has been able to make their own compelling arguments in support of their claims; however, neither could be proven completely true. Instead, by combining certain aspects of each claim, a more accurate view can be created.
     Plato believed that at birth our souls contain all of the knowledge that we will use during our lifetime, and that this knowledge can be recalled to the mind under certain circumstances (Cottingham 3). Quite the opposite was the idea of John Locke that when we are born our minds are empty, and that all of our knowledge is formed through our experiences (Cottingham 27). The problem with each of these views is that they are too extreme to make any sort of common sense.
     However, Locke does not deny the existence of natural faculties such as perception, understanding, and memory. He also accepts the mental powers of abstraction, comparison, and discernment as being inborn. To be specific, Locke meant that the understanding is originally empty of objects of thoughts, such as ideas; but we all have the power to acquire them through experience, and to acquire knowledge by comparing and contrasting them. This is not innate knowledge, it is only an innate capacity to receive and process knowledge; it does not have content (Stich 44).
     The idea that all-necessary truths, and many ideas such as God (creator), identity (I am me), possibility, and geometrical figures (triangles) are innate knowledge seems a self-contradiction when they need to be brought to light in order for the mind to perceive them (Stich 40). If we all have the potential to make our innate knowledge a reality, why do only some people have certain ideas and know certain things while others do not? When saying that our innate knowledge needs to be brought to light, is Plato saying that we need the help of some aspect of our mental processes or senses in order to bring to life the knowledge that we already know? How can this be possible if the mind does not realize that the idea or information is there?
     Apparently John Locke also had this question, because he later stated that "No proposition can be said to be in the mind which it never yet knew, which it was never yet conscious of." He goes on to say that even if innate ideas do exist that we are not consciously aware of, they must be lodged deep with the memory. But, the ideas stored in the memory must be retrieved through remembrance and must be known when recalled to have been in the mind before, which is impossible. By definition, innate knowledge does not come from "sensory stimulation" (Stich 84); therefore, this idea is not possible.

[TEXT EDITED HERE]

     There is a third way of looking at the mind that is more reasonable than either the empiricist or innatist views. Classical Rationalists believe that knowledge can be obtained through both experience and pure intellect. So, while the existence of inborn ideas and knowledge seems too extreme, the suggestion that fairly specific natural capacities exist seems more believable. The biggest advantage to a more moderate theory is that the idea of learning is preserved so that our capacities will develop, while concept and knowledge may be acquired (Tipton 36).

Works Cited

Peter Carruthers. Human Knowledge and Human Nature: A New
     Introduction to an Ancient Debate. Oxford [England];
     New York: Oxford University Press, 1992.

John Cottingham, editor's introduction. Western
     Philosophy: An Anthology, Oxford: Blackwell
     Publishers Ltd., 1997.

Stephen Stich. Innate Ideas. Berkeley: University of
     California Press, 1975.

I. C. Tipton. Locke on Human Understanding: Selected  
     Essays, Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press,
     1977.

WebPALS: http://www.pals.msus.edu/

The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy. 1995. REF/ B/ 41/ .C35/ 1995
Signed articles by an international group of scholarly contributors. Coverage includes:
Major philosophers and other "significant thinkers," overviews of subfields of philosophy, and definitions of important philosophical terms. Includes non-Western philosophy.

Concise Encyclopedia of Western Philosophy and Philosophers. 1960. REF/ B/ 41/ .U7
Mostly short, signed articles about Western philosophy and philosophers.

Dictionary of Philosophy. 1983. REF/ B/ 41/ .D53/ 1983
Intended to provide "clear, concise, and correct definitions and descriptions of philosophic thought" (Preface). Definitions are signed, and some include bibliographies.

Dictionary of Philosophy and Religion: Eastern and Western Thought. 1980.
REF/ B/ 41/ .R43/ 1980

Dictionary of the History of Ideas. 1974. 5 vols. REF/ CB/ 5/ .D52
Lengthy signed articles covering topics about intellectual history. There is an emphasis on interdisciplinary, cross-cultural relations. Volume 5 is an index to the set.

Encyclopedia of Bioethics. 1995. 5 vols. REF/ QH/ 332/ .E52/ 1995
Includes over 450 signed essays about the clinical and scientific state of bioethics, which is defined as, "health-related and science-related moral issues in the areas of public health, environmental health, population ethics, and animal care." Most essays include extensive bibliographies.

Encyclopedia of Classical Philosophy. 1997. REF/ B/ 163/ .E52/ 1997
Deals with Ancient philosophers.

Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 1967. 8 vols. & 1996 supplement. REF/ B/ 41/ .E5
Over 1500 entries which attempt to cover the whole field of philosophy from ancient to modern and both Eastern and Western thought. Supplement attempts to cover significant post-1967 developments in philosophy. Cumulative index in the supplement for the whole set.

Encyclopedia of Religion. 1986. 16 vols. REF/ BL/ 31/ .E46/ 1986
Intended to provide "concise, clear, and objective description of the totality of human experience of the sacred" (Preface). Includes three types of entries: descriptions of individual religious communities/traditions; topics in history of religion (e.g., afterlife, evil, sexuality); and essays about relationship between religion and other areas of culture, such as art, law, music, and science. Last volume has an extensive index.

The Hutchinson Dictionary of Ideas. 1994. REF/ B/ 105/ .I28/ H872/ 1994
Covers political science, history, religion, and philosophical topics/terms.

Medieval Philosophers. 1992. REF/ B/ 721/ .M45/ 1992

The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. 1995. REF/ B51/ .O94/ 1995
Intended for both the general reader and for philosophers, articles in the Oxford Companion are signed and have short bibliographies. Areas include: work of the great philosophers, history of British and American thinkers, national philosophies and leaders, and contemporary philosophers.

Oxford Dictionary of Philosophy. 1994.. REF/ B/ 41/ .B53/ 1994
Recent dictionary intended as a "resource for anyone interested in general intellectual movements, as well a s a simple work of reference" (Preface). Extensive cross-referencing.

Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 1998. REF/ B/ 51/ .R68/ 1998
Most recent addition to the reference collection in philosophy, this encyclopedia

Humanities Index. 1974-1995. [Index Table 4].
An index to about 250 scholarly periodicals in philosophy, religion, literature, arts, and more. Also available online via OCLC Firstsearch (http://newfirstsearch.oclc.org/FSIP)

Philosophers Index.. 1967- [Abstract Shelves 10]
Subject and author index with abstracts to philosophy books and journals in English, French,
German, Spanish, and Italian. Published quarterly. Since Moorhead State does not purchase the cumulated annual index, each of the quarterly issues for the year must be consulted to do a thorough search. The full citation and abstract/summary (if provided) are in the author index.

Expanded Academic Index [WebPALS]
Online index available through WebPALS, including journal articles in philosophy, religion, social sciences, and the general sciences.

CARL Uncover http://uncweb.carl.org
This multidisciplinary online database covers journal articles in many different subjects – includes nearly 17,000 English language multidisciplinary periodicals in its database.
Available to Moorhead State U. faculty, staff, and students via the Internet.

JSTOR Full-Text Journals http://www.jstor.org
JSTOR is an electronic database of full-text back issues of 117 academic journals in the subject areas of African-American Studies, Anthropology, Asian Studies, Ecology, Economics, Mathematics, Philosophy, Political Science, Population/Demography, Education, Finance, History, Literature, Sociology, and Statistics. All documents are in Adobe Acrobat (PDF) format.

Project MUSE http://muse.jhu.edu
Provides online, worldwide, institutional subscription access to the full text of over 100 scholarly journals in the arts and  humanities, social sciences and mathematics. 

NEW! OCLC FirstSearch
http://newfirstsearch.oclc.org/FSIP/
FirstSearch contains 46 databases ranging in coverage from Arts & Humanities, Business & Economics, Conferences & Proceedings, Consumer Affairs & People, Education, Engineering & Technology, General & Reference, General Science, Life Sciences, Medicine & Health Sciences, News & Current Events, Public Affairs & Law, & Social Sciences. WorldCat gives access to online catalog (library holdings) from around the world. Recommended for philosophy research: Humanities Index.

Brittney Goodman, goodmanb@mnstate.edu

Philosophy Periodicals

American Philosophical Quarterly (Pittsburgh)

American Philosophical Society. Proceedings

Analysis

Apeiron

Australasian Journal of Philosophy

British Journal of Aesthetics

Canadian Journal of Philosophy

Canadian Journal of Philosophy. Supplement

Charles S. Peirce Society. Transactions

Diogenes

Environmental Ethics

Ethics

Hastings Center Report

Hypatia: A Journal of Feminist Philosophy

Idealistic Studies

Impact of Science on Society

Inquiry, An Interdisciplinary Journal of Philosophy

International Philosophical Quarterly

International Journal of Applied Philosophy

Interpretation, A Journal of Political Philosophy

Journal of Philosophy

Journal of the History of Ideas

Journal of the History of Philosophy

Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism Journal of Value Inquiry

Journal of Social Philosophy

Journal of Medicine and Philosophy

Mind, A Quarterly Review of Psychology and Philosophy

Monist, An International Journal of General Philosophical Inquiry

Nous

Omega. Journal of Death and Dying

Philosophical Forum

Philosophy

Philosophical Quarterly. (Scotland)

Philosophical Review

Philosophy and Phenomenological Research

Philosophy and Rhetoric

Philosophy East and West

Philosophy of Science

Philosophy and Public Affairs

Public Affairs Quarterly

Review of Metaphysics

Southern Journal of Philosophy

Zygon